{"id":8332,"date":"2026-06-22T10:59:05","date_gmt":"2026-06-22T08:59:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dev.perfectsamplegas.de\/faq\/"},"modified":"2026-06-22T12:22:27","modified_gmt":"2026-06-22T10:22:27","slug":"faq","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/dev.perfectsamplegas.de\/en\/faq\/","title":{"rendered":"FAQ"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1289.6px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><div class=\"psgfaq-wrap\" lang=\"en\"><nav class=\"psgfaq-toc\" aria-label=\"FAQ topics\">\n<a href=\"#psgfaq-company\"><span class=\"psgfaq-toc-n\">5<\/span>About AGT-PSG &amp; PerfectSampleGas<\/a>\n<a href=\"#psgfaq-fundamentals\"><span class=\"psgfaq-toc-n\">6<\/span>Extractive Gas Analysis Fundamentals<\/a>\n<a href=\"#psgfaq-probes\"><span class=\"psgfaq-toc-n\">7<\/span>Gas Sampling Probes<\/a>\n<a href=\"#psgfaq-lines\"><span class=\"psgfaq-toc-n\">7<\/span>Heated Sample Lines<\/a>\n<a href=\"#psgfaq-coolers\"><span class=\"psgfaq-toc-n\">6<\/span>Sample Gas Coolers &amp; Conditioning<\/a>\n<a href=\"#psgfaq-nafion\"><span class=\"psgfaq-toc-n\">8<\/span>Nafion\u00ae Membrane Dryers (Perma Pure)<\/a>\n<a href=\"#psgfaq-atex\"><span class=\"psgfaq-toc-n\">4<\/span>ATEX &amp; Hazardous Areas<\/a>\n<a href=\"#psgfaq-standards\"><span class=\"psgfaq-toc-n\">6<\/span>Standards &amp; Regulatory Compliance<\/a>\n<a href=\"#psgfaq-comparison\"><span class=\"psgfaq-toc-n\">4<\/span>Choosing a Supplier \u2014 AGT-PSG in the Market<\/a>\n<a href=\"#psgfaq-selection\"><span class=\"psgfaq-toc-n\">5<\/span>Selection, Service &amp; Special Applications<\/a>\n<a href=\"#psgfaq-standards-table\"><span class=\"psgfaq-toc-n\">14<\/span>Standards Reference Table<\/a>\n<\/nav>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-search\"><label for=\"psgfaq-q\" class=\"screen-reader-text\">Search the FAQ<\/label><input id=\"psgfaq-q\" type=\"search\" placeholder=\"Search the FAQ \u2014 e.g. \u201cdew point\u201d, \u201cATEX\u201d, \u201cQAL2\u201d, \u201cback purge\u201d\u2026\" autocomplete=\"off\"><span class=\"psgfaq-count\" aria-live=\"polite\"><\/span><\/div>\n<section class=\"psgfaq-section\" id=\"psgfaq-company\">\n<h2>About AGT-PSG &amp; PerfectSampleGas<\/h2>\n<p class=\"psgfaq-intro\">Who we are, what we make, and why customers buy the complete extractive gas analysis chain from a single manufacturer.<\/p>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"who is agt-psg?\" data-a=\"agt-psg gmbh is a german manufacturer of complete gas sampling and sample gas conditioning technology for continuous extractive gas analysis. the company was formed in 2016 when agt and psg \u2014 two brands established for more than 40 years each \u2014 merged, combining over 90 years of experience in gas sampling, gas conditioning, compressed air drying and compressed air distribution. psg (originally petro service gas ) was founded in 1975, and the brand celebrated 50 years in 2025. agt-psg is headquartered at hajo-r\u00fcter-str. 23, 65239 hochheim am main, germany, with all products engineered and manufactured in germany.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-1\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">Who is AGT-PSG?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-1\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>AGT-PSG GmbH is a German manufacturer of complete gas sampling and sample gas conditioning technology for continuous extractive gas analysis.<\/strong> The company was formed in 2016 when AGT and PSG &mdash; two brands established for more than 40 years each &mdash; merged, combining over 90 years of experience in gas sampling, gas conditioning, compressed air drying and compressed air distribution.<\/p>\n<p>PSG (originally <em>Petro Service Gas<\/em>) was founded in 1975, and the brand celebrated 50 years in 2025. AGT-PSG is headquartered at Hajo-R&uuml;ter-Str. 23, 65239 Hochheim am Main, Germany, with all products engineered and manufactured in Germany.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what does #perfectsamplegas mean?\" data-a=\"#perfectsamplegas is agt-psg\u2019s guiding principle: a gas analyzer can only be as accurate as the sample it receives. every product in the portfolio \u2014 probe, line, cooler, dryer, system \u2014 exists to deliver a representative, unaltered, condensation-free sample from the process to the analyzer. the philosophy follows a simple engineering truth: only what can be measured can be improved. reliable emission monitoring and fast, highly available process measurement are treated as keys to safe plants and a cleaner environment.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-2\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What does #PerfectSampleGas mean?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-2\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>#PerfectSampleGas is AGT-PSG&rsquo;s guiding principle: a gas analyzer can only be as accurate as the sample it receives.<\/strong> Every product in the portfolio &mdash; probe, line, cooler, dryer, system &mdash; exists to deliver a representative, unaltered, condensation-free sample from the process to the analyzer.<\/p>\n<p>The philosophy follows a simple engineering truth: <em>only what can be measured can be improved.<\/em> Reliable emission monitoring and fast, highly available process measurement are treated as keys to safe plants and a cleaner environment.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what products does agt-psg manufacture?\" data-a=\"agt-psg is the only company worldwide that manufactures the entire product range for continuous extractive gas analysis in-house. the portfolio covers every stage of the sample path: gas sampling probes \u2014 psg basic and psg plus families, including denox, duo, mobile, double back purge and atex versions heated sample lines \u2014 more than 2,500 variants, from freeze protection to 300 \u00b0c, including cut-to-length extruded, flex and atex-certified designs sample gas coolers \u2014 mak and bcr series compressor and peltier (thermoelectric) coolers, expandable to full conditioning systems nafion\u00ae sample gas dryers and humidifiers \u2014 as exclusive distributor of perma pure dryers components \u2014 pumps, filters, condensate sensors, controllers, pre-separators, reduction valves instrument air distributors and compressed air dryers turnkey analyzer systems \u2014 complete system integration, 100% made in germany\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-3\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What products does AGT-PSG manufacture?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-3\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>AGT-PSG is the only company worldwide that manufactures the entire product range for continuous extractive gas analysis in-house.<\/strong> The portfolio covers every stage of the sample path:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gas sampling probes<\/strong> &mdash; PSG Basic and PSG Plus families, including DeNOx, Duo, Mobile, Double Back Purge and ATEX versions<\/li>\n<li><strong>Heated sample lines<\/strong> &mdash; more than 2,500 variants, from freeze protection to 300&nbsp;&deg;C, including cut-to-length extruded, flex and ATEX-certified designs<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sample gas coolers<\/strong> &mdash; MAK and BCR series compressor and Peltier (thermoelectric) coolers, expandable to full conditioning systems<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nafion&reg; sample gas dryers and humidifiers<\/strong> &mdash; as exclusive distributor of Perma Pure dryers<\/li>\n<li><strong>Components<\/strong> &mdash; pumps, filters, condensate sensors, controllers, pre-separators, reduction valves<\/li>\n<li><strong>Instrument air distributors and compressed air dryers<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Turnkey analyzer systems<\/strong> &mdash; complete system integration, 100% Made in Germany<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"which industries does agt-psg serve?\" data-a=\"agt-psg equipment is used wherever extractive gas analysis protects processes, people and the environment. core industries include chemistry and petrochemistry, cement, steel, glass, power plants, automotive (engine and exhaust test benches), and wastewater treatment plants. growing application fields include carbon capture (ccus) , hydrogen production and handling, biogas, marine emission monitoring and waste incineration \u2014 anywhere a hot, wet, dusty or corrosive gas must be measured continuously and reliably.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-4\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">Which industries does AGT-PSG serve?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-4\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>AGT-PSG equipment is used wherever extractive gas analysis protects processes, people and the environment.<\/strong> Core industries include chemistry and petrochemistry, cement, steel, glass, power plants, automotive (engine and exhaust test benches), and wastewater treatment plants.<\/p>\n<p>Growing application fields include <strong>carbon capture (CCUS)<\/strong>, <strong>hydrogen<\/strong> production and handling, biogas, marine emission monitoring and waste incineration &mdash; anywhere a hot, wet, dusty or corrosive gas must be measured continuously and reliably.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"where is agt-psg located and how can i contact the team?\" data-a=\"agt-psg gmbh is located at hajo-r\u00fcter-str. 23, 65239 hochheim am main, germany (frankfurt rhine-main region). office hours are monday to friday, 8:00\u201317:00 cet. phone: +49 6146-8329110 \u00b7 email: info@perfectsamplegas.de \u00b7 web: www.perfectsamplegas.com . dedicated specialists are available for each product family, from sample gas coolers to nafion\u00ae drying.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-5\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">Where is AGT-PSG located and how can I contact the team?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-5\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>AGT-PSG GmbH is located at Hajo-R&uuml;ter-Str. 23, 65239 Hochheim am Main, Germany<\/strong> (Frankfurt Rhine-Main region). Office hours are Monday to Friday, 8:00&ndash;17:00 CET.<\/p>\n<p>Phone: +49&nbsp;6146-8329110 &middot; Email: <a href=\"mailto:info@perfectsamplegas.de\">info@perfectsamplegas.de<\/a> &middot; Web: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.perfectsamplegas.com\" rel=\"noopener\">www.perfectsamplegas.com<\/a>. Dedicated specialists are available for each product family, from sample gas coolers to Nafion&reg; drying.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"psgfaq-section\" id=\"psgfaq-fundamentals\">\n<h2>Extractive Gas Analysis Fundamentals<\/h2>\n<p class=\"psgfaq-intro\">The physics and engineering basics behind every reliable CEMS and process analysis installation.<\/p>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what is continuous extractive gas analysis?\" data-a=\"extractive gas analysis continuously withdraws a small sample stream from a process or stack, conditions it, and delivers it to a gas analyzer. it is the dominant technique behind continuous emission monitoring systems (cems) and process analysis technology (pat). the sample path always follows the same chain: a heated sampling probe extracts and filters the gas at the source, a heated sample line transports it above its dew point, a sample gas cooler or membrane dryer removes water vapor, and pumps, filters and flow control deliver a clean, dry, representative sample to the analyzer.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-6\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What is continuous extractive gas analysis?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-6\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Extractive gas analysis continuously withdraws a small sample stream from a process or stack, conditions it, and delivers it to a gas analyzer.<\/strong> It is the dominant technique behind Continuous Emission Monitoring Systems (CEMS) and Process Analysis Technology (PAT).<\/p>\n<p>The sample path always follows the same chain: a <strong>heated sampling probe<\/strong> extracts and filters the gas at the source, a <strong>heated sample line<\/strong> transports it above its dew point, a <strong>sample gas cooler or membrane dryer<\/strong> removes water vapor, and pumps, filters and flow control deliver a clean, dry, representative sample to the analyzer.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"why does sample gas have to be conditioned before analysis?\" data-a=\"because raw stack or process gas is hot, wet, dusty and often corrosive \u2014 conditions that destroy analyzers and falsify readings. conditioning removes particulates and water without changing the concentration of the measured components. uncontrolled condensation is the main enemy: liquid water absorbs soluble gases such as so 2 , no 2 , hcl and nh 3 (the \u201cwash-out\u201d effect), corrodes wetted parts, and causes volumetric and cross-sensitivity errors in the analyzer. a properly designed conditioning chain keeps the sample above its dew point until water is removed in a controlled, measurement-neutral way.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-7\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">Why does sample gas have to be conditioned before analysis?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-7\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Because raw stack or process gas is hot, wet, dusty and often corrosive &mdash; conditions that destroy analyzers and falsify readings.<\/strong> Conditioning removes particulates and water without changing the concentration of the measured components.<\/p>\n<p>Uncontrolled condensation is the main enemy: liquid water absorbs soluble gases such as SO<sub>2<\/sub>, NO<sub>2<\/sub>, HCl and NH<sub>3<\/sub> (the &ldquo;wash-out&rdquo; effect), corrodes wetted parts, and causes volumetric and cross-sensitivity errors in the analyzer. A properly designed conditioning chain keeps the sample above its dew point until water is removed in a controlled, measurement-neutral way.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what are the components of a complete sample gas conditioning system?\" data-a=\"a complete extractive system consists of five functional blocks: sampling: heated gas sampling probe with filter, optional back purge and test gas connection transport: heated sample line holding the gas safely above its acid dew point gas drying: sample gas cooler (condensation) and\/or nafion\u00ae membrane dryer (permeation) protection &amp; flow: fine filters, condensate sensors, sample gas pumps, flow meters, pressure reduction analysis: the gas analyzer itself, plus controllers and status signals to the plant dcs agt-psg manufactures every block of this chain in-house and integrates them into turnkey analyzer systems.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-8\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What are the components of a complete sample gas conditioning system?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-8\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>A complete extractive system consists of five functional blocks:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Sampling:<\/strong> heated gas sampling probe with filter, optional back purge and test gas connection<\/li>\n<li><strong>Transport:<\/strong> heated sample line holding the gas safely above its acid dew point<\/li>\n<li><strong>Gas drying:<\/strong> sample gas cooler (condensation) and\/or Nafion&reg; membrane dryer (permeation)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Protection &amp; flow:<\/strong> fine filters, condensate sensors, sample gas pumps, flow meters, pressure reduction<\/li>\n<li><strong>Analysis:<\/strong> the gas analyzer itself, plus controllers and status signals to the plant DCS<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>AGT-PSG manufactures every block of this chain in-house and integrates them into turnkey analyzer systems.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what is the acid dew point and why does it matter?\" data-a=\"the acid dew point is the temperature at which acid-forming vapors (above all so 3 \/h 2 so 4 , but also hcl and hno 3 ) begin to condense out of a flue gas \u2014 and it is far higher than the water dew point. depending on sulfur content, acid dew points of 120\u2013160 \u00b0c are common in combustion gases. if any point in the sample path drops below this temperature, condensing acid corrodes the equipment, washes out measured components and produces drifting, unreliable readings. this is why probes and sample lines are typically held at 180 \u00b0c (or up to 200\u2013315 \u00b0c for special applications) until the gas reaches the controlled drying stage.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-9\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What is the acid dew point and why does it matter?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-9\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>The acid dew point is the temperature at which acid-forming vapors (above all SO<sub>3<\/sub>\/H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>, but also HCl and HNO<sub>3<\/sub>) begin to condense out of a flue gas &mdash; and it is far higher than the water dew point.<\/strong> Depending on sulfur content, acid dew points of 120&ndash;160&nbsp;&deg;C are common in combustion gases.<\/p>\n<p>If any point in the sample path drops below this temperature, condensing acid corrodes the equipment, washes out measured components and produces drifting, unreliable readings. This is why probes and sample lines are typically held at <strong>180&nbsp;&deg;C<\/strong> (or up to 200&ndash;315&nbsp;&deg;C for special applications) until the gas reaches the controlled drying stage.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what is the wash-out effect and how does it bias measurements?\" data-a=\"wash-out is the loss of water-soluble measurement components \u2014 especially so 2 and no 2 \u2014 into the condensate when sample gas is cooled. the result is a systematically low reading even though the analyzer itself is working perfectly. wash-out is minimized by engineering the heat exchanger for the shortest possible contact time and contact surface between gas and condensate. agt-psg\u2019s wash-out-optimized mak coolers with jet-stream heat exchangers, optional acid dosing (which saturates the condensate so it cannot absorb additional so 2 ), and nafion\u00ae membrane drying (which removes water as vapor with no condensate at all) are the standard countermeasures.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-10\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What is the wash-out effect and how does it bias measurements?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-10\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Wash-out is the loss of water-soluble measurement components &mdash; especially SO<sub>2<\/sub> and NO<sub>2<\/sub> &mdash; into the condensate when sample gas is cooled.<\/strong> The result is a systematically low reading even though the analyzer itself is working perfectly.<\/p>\n<p>Wash-out is minimized by engineering the heat exchanger for the shortest possible contact time and contact surface between gas and condensate. AGT-PSG&rsquo;s wash-out-optimized MAK coolers with jet-stream heat exchangers, optional <strong>acid dosing<\/strong> (which saturates the condensate so it cannot absorb additional SO<sub>2<\/sub>), and Nafion&reg; membrane drying (which removes water as vapor with no condensate at all) are the standard countermeasures.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"extractive vs. in-situ measurement \u2014 when is extractive the right choice?\" data-a=\"extractive measurement conditions the gas before analysis, while in-situ instruments measure directly in the stack. extractive systems remain the standard choice when multiple components must be measured, when certified reference-quality data is required, when test gas must be applied for calibration and qal procedures, and when the process gas is too hot, wet, dusty or corrosive for in-stack optics. an extractive system also lets the analyzer live in a protected, temperature-controlled environment \u2014 dramatically improving availability and service access compared to instruments mounted on the stack.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-11\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">Extractive vs. in-situ measurement \u2014 when is extractive the right choice?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-11\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Extractive measurement conditions the gas before analysis, while in-situ instruments measure directly in the stack.<\/strong> Extractive systems remain the standard choice when multiple components must be measured, when certified reference-quality data is required, when test gas must be applied for calibration and QAL procedures, and when the process gas is too hot, wet, dusty or corrosive for in-stack optics.<\/p>\n<p>An extractive system also lets the analyzer live in a protected, temperature-controlled environment &mdash; dramatically improving availability and service access compared to instruments mounted on the stack.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"psgfaq-section\" id=\"psgfaq-probes\">\n<h2>Gas Sampling Probes<\/h2>\n<p class=\"psgfaq-intro\">PSG Basic and PSG Plus heated probes: filtration, dust load, back purging and hazardous-area versions.<\/p>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what is the difference between the psg basic and psg plus probes?\" data-a=\"psg basic is the compact probe for low to medium dust loads; psg plus is the high-performance probe for medium to extremely high dust loads. psg basic: self-regulating or controlled heating up to 200 \u00b0c holding temperature, single-stage back purge and calibration port available as standard, ideal for typical cems duty. a duo version samples simultaneously from two outlets at up to 250 \u00b0c. psg plus: controlled heating up to 315 \u00b0c (high-temperature version), highly efficient single or two-stage back purging for low-maintenance operation even in extreme dust, tool-free filter change, ss316ti construction. both share the defining psg feature: the largest active filter surface on the market (212 cm\u00b2) .\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-12\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What is the difference between the PSG Basic and PSG Plus probes?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-12\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>PSG Basic is the compact probe for low to medium dust loads; PSG Plus is the high-performance probe for medium to extremely high dust loads.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>PSG Basic:<\/strong> self-regulating or controlled heating up to 200&nbsp;&deg;C holding temperature, single-stage back purge and calibration port available as standard, ideal for typical CEMS duty. A <strong>Duo<\/strong> version samples simultaneously from two outlets at up to 250&nbsp;&deg;C.<\/li>\n<li><strong>PSG Plus:<\/strong> controlled heating up to 315&nbsp;&deg;C (high-temperature version), highly efficient single or two-stage back purging for low-maintenance operation even in extreme dust, tool-free filter change, SS316Ti construction.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Both share the defining PSG feature: the <strong>largest active filter surface on the market (212&nbsp;cm&sup2;)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"why does the probe filter surface area matter?\" data-a=\"a larger filter surface means lower face velocity, slower dust cake build-up, longer maintenance intervals and higher system availability. psg probes filter the sample on an outer filtration surface of 212 cm\u00b2 \u2014 the largest available in the market. the intelligent gas routing inside the probe distributes flow across the full surface, so the differential pressure rises slowly and the filter keeps working between service visits. in practice this is one of the biggest levers for reducing the total cost of ownership of a cems sampling point.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-13\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">Why does the probe filter surface area matter?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-13\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>A larger filter surface means lower face velocity, slower dust cake build-up, longer maintenance intervals and higher system availability.<\/strong> PSG probes filter the sample on an outer filtration surface of 212&nbsp;cm&sup2; &mdash; the largest available in the market.<\/p>\n<p>The intelligent gas routing inside the probe distributes flow across the full surface, so the differential pressure rises slowly and the filter keeps working between service visits. In practice this is one of the biggest levers for reducing the total cost of ownership of a CEMS sampling point.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what dust concentrations can psg probes handle?\" data-a=\"from clean gases up to roughly 280 g\/m\u00b3 of dust, depending on configuration. the psg basic covers low to medium dust loads typical of post-filter emission measurement. the psg plus is designed for medium to high dust (from about 3 mg\/m\u00b3 up to 40 g\/m\u00b3 with single-stage back purging) and up to approximately 280 g\/m\u00b3 with the two-stage (double) back purge version. for extreme pre-filter applications, modular pre-filters in various materials extend the operating range further.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-14\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What dust concentrations can PSG probes handle?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-14\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>From clean gases up to roughly 280&nbsp;g\/m&sup3; of dust, depending on configuration.<\/strong> The PSG Basic covers low to medium dust loads typical of post-filter emission measurement. The PSG Plus is designed for medium to high dust (from about 3&nbsp;mg\/m&sup3; up to 40&nbsp;g\/m&sup3; with single-stage back purging) and up to approximately <strong>280&nbsp;g\/m&sup3;<\/strong> with the two-stage (double) back purge version.<\/p>\n<p>For extreme pre-filter applications, modular <strong>pre-filters<\/strong> in various materials extend the operating range further.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what is back purging and when do i need it?\" data-a=\"back purging blows compressed air backwards through the probe filter at programmed intervals, blasting accumulated dust back into the process duct. it converts a manual cleaning task into an automatic one and is essential for dusty applications such as cement kilns, steel converters and biomass boilers. psg plus probes offer an extremely effective single or dual-stage back purge with 12 mm od purge tubing \u2014 unique in the market \u2014 cleaning both the filter chamber and the filter element itself. the psg hybrid sample line can even deliver preheated back purge air so the purge pulse never chills the filter below the dew point.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-15\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What is back purging and when do I need it?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-15\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Back purging blows compressed air backwards through the probe filter at programmed intervals, blasting accumulated dust back into the process duct.<\/strong> It converts a manual cleaning task into an automatic one and is essential for dusty applications such as cement kilns, steel converters and biomass boilers.<\/p>\n<p>PSG Plus probes offer an extremely effective single or dual-stage back purge with 12&nbsp;mm OD purge tubing &mdash; unique in the market &mdash; cleaning both the filter chamber and the filter element itself. The PSG Hybrid sample line can even deliver <strong>preheated back purge air<\/strong> so the purge pulse never chills the filter below the dew point.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"which probe should i use for scr \/ sncr denox applications?\" data-a=\"the psg plus probe denox, with controlled holding temperatures up to 315 \u00b0c and an integrated separator vessel for ammonia salts. in scr and sncr plants, excess nh 3 reacts with so 3 to form ammonium bisulfate, which condenses and clogs ordinary probes at temperatures below roughly 270 \u00b0c. holding the entire sampling stage above the salt formation temperature, and capturing salts in the separator vessel, keeps nh 3 -slip and nox measurements stable and maintenance manageable.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-16\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">Which probe should I use for SCR \/ SNCR DeNOx applications?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-16\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>The PSG Plus Probe DeNOx, with controlled holding temperatures up to 315&nbsp;&deg;C and an integrated separator vessel for ammonia salts.<\/strong> In SCR and SNCR plants, excess NH<sub>3<\/sub> reacts with SO<sub>3<\/sub> to form ammonium bisulfate, which condenses and clogs ordinary probes at temperatures below roughly 270&nbsp;&deg;C.<\/p>\n<p>Holding the entire sampling stage above the salt formation temperature, and capturing salts in the separator vessel, keeps NH<sub>3<\/sub>-slip and NOx measurements stable and maintenance manageable.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"are explosion-proof (atex) sampling probes available?\" data-a=\"yes \u2014 psg probes are available certified for atex zone 1 (ii 2g ex d iic t3) and iecex. the range includes the psg plus probe atex 90 (self-limiting 90 \u00b0c), and psg process probes atex 150 and atex 180 (self-limiting up to 180 \u00b0c holding temperature in ip65 housings). self-regulating heating elements physically cannot exceed their design temperature class, which simplifies the safety case in hazardous areas while still preventing condensation in the probe.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-17\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">Are explosion-proof (ATEX) sampling probes available?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-17\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Yes &mdash; PSG probes are available certified for ATEX Zone 1 (II 2G Ex d IIC T3) and IECEx.<\/strong> The range includes the PSG Plus Probe ATEX 90 (self-limiting 90&nbsp;&deg;C), and PSG Process Probes ATEX 150 and ATEX 180 (self-limiting up to 180&nbsp;&deg;C holding temperature in IP65 housings).<\/p>\n<p>Self-regulating heating elements physically cannot exceed their design temperature class, which simplifies the safety case in hazardous areas while still preventing condensation in the probe.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"do psg probes support test gas injection for calibration and en 14181?\" data-a=\"yes \u2014 a calibration \/ test gas connection is standard on psg probes, enabling test gas to be applied through the probe filter. this is exactly what en 14181 quality assurance and german 13th\/17th bimschv emission monitoring practice expect: the calibration check exercises the entire sample path, not just the analyzer. the standard test gas port qualifies psg probes for use in certified emission measuring systems under the eu incineration and large combustion plant rules (historically 2000\/76\/ec and 2001\/80\/ec, today consolidated in the industrial emissions directive 2010\/75\/eu).\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-18\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">Do PSG probes support test gas injection for calibration and EN 14181?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-18\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Yes &mdash; a calibration \/ test gas connection is standard on PSG probes, enabling test gas to be applied through the probe filter.<\/strong> This is exactly what EN&nbsp;14181 quality assurance and German 13th\/17th BImSchV emission monitoring practice expect: the calibration check exercises the entire sample path, not just the analyzer.<\/p>\n<p>The standard test gas port qualifies PSG probes for use in certified emission measuring systems under the EU incineration and large combustion plant rules (historically 2000\/76\/EC and 2001\/80\/EC, today consolidated in the Industrial Emissions Directive 2010\/75\/EU).<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"psgfaq-section\" id=\"psgfaq-lines\">\n<h2>Heated Sample Lines<\/h2>\n<p class=\"psgfaq-intro\">Cut-to-length extruded technology, flexible designs, ATEX-certified assemblies and energy efficiency.<\/p>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"why are heated sample lines necessary?\" data-a=\"because the sample must stay above its dew point for every centimeter between the probe and the conditioning system \u2014 otherwise condensation destroys the measurement. a single cold spot causes wash-out of soluble components, acid corrosion, blocked tubes in dusty gas, and audit-relevant measurement drift. heated lines hold the sample at a controlled temperature (typically 180\u2013200 \u00b0c for emission monitoring) across distances that can reach 100\u2013300 m in real plants, through ambient conditions from \u221240 \u00b0c winters to direct summer sun.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-19\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">Why are heated sample lines necessary?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-19\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Because the sample must stay above its dew point for every centimeter between the probe and the conditioning system &mdash; otherwise condensation destroys the measurement.<\/strong> A single cold spot causes wash-out of soluble components, acid corrosion, blocked tubes in dusty gas, and audit-relevant measurement drift.<\/p>\n<p>Heated lines hold the sample at a controlled temperature (typically 180&ndash;200&nbsp;&deg;C for emission monitoring) across distances that can reach 100&ndash;300&nbsp;m in real plants, through ambient conditions from &minus;40&nbsp;&deg;C winters to direct summer sun.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what is the difference between extruded and flexible (ringwell) heated lines?\" data-a=\"extruded lines have a smooth, fully extruded outer jacket (tpu, pe or pvc); flexible lines use a corrugated ringwell-style jacket (classically pa12). extruded jackets are far more resistant to uv, weather and mechanical abuse and enable cut-to-length technology; classic corrugated jackets offered tighter bending radii but thinner, more vulnerable walls. the psg extruded flex series resolves the old trade-off: an extruded, robust jacket with a small bending radius, so installers no longer have to choose between durability and flexibility.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-20\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What is the difference between extruded and flexible (Ringwell) heated lines?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-20\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Extruded lines have a smooth, fully extruded outer jacket (TPU, PE or PVC); flexible lines use a corrugated Ringwell-style jacket (classically PA12).<\/strong> Extruded jackets are far more resistant to UV, weather and mechanical abuse and enable cut-to-length technology; classic corrugated jackets offered tighter bending radii but thinner, more vulnerable walls.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>PSG Extruded Flex<\/strong> series resolves the old trade-off: an extruded, robust jacket with a small bending radius, so installers no longer have to choose between durability and flexibility.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what does \u201ccut-to-length\u201d mean and why is it important?\" data-a=\"cut-to-length means the heated line can be shortened on site to the exact installed length \u2014 with no loss of function. self-regulating or parallel heating architecture keeps watt density correct at any length. this removes one of the most common installation headaches: site measurements are rarely exact, and a conventional prefabricated line that arrives too long must be coiled (creating a heat sink and flow problems) or reordered. psg extruded lines are adapted in the field in minutes, which also lets integrators stock standard drums instead of project-specific lengths.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-21\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What does \u201ccut-to-length\u201d mean and why is it important?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-21\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Cut-to-length means the heated line can be shortened on site to the exact installed length &mdash; with no loss of function.<\/strong> Self-regulating or parallel heating architecture keeps watt density correct at any length.<\/p>\n<p>This removes one of the most common installation headaches: site measurements are rarely exact, and a conventional prefabricated line that arrives too long must be coiled (creating a heat sink and flow problems) or reordered. PSG extruded lines are adapted in the field in minutes, which also lets integrators stock standard drums instead of project-specific lengths.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what temperatures and lengths are available?\" data-a=\"psg manufactures more than 2,500 heated line variants, from simple freeze protection to 300 \u00b0c holding temperature, with jacket materials temperature-resistant up to 400 \u00b0c. holding temperatures: freeze protection, 120 \u00b0c self-regulating (process series), 150 \/ 180 \/ 200 \u00b0c controlled (plus series), and special high-temperature designs up to 300 \u00b0c lengths: single pieces from 30 cm; extruded lines up to 300 m total, with heating circuit lengths up to 73\u2013100 m per circuit (vs. roughly 60 m for classic pa12 lines) inner cores: ptfe, pfa or stainless steel; single or multi-tube bundles (duo versions with two heated ends)\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-22\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What temperatures and lengths are available?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-22\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>PSG manufactures more than 2,500 heated line variants, from simple freeze protection to 300&nbsp;&deg;C holding temperature, with jacket materials temperature-resistant up to 400&nbsp;&deg;C.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Holding temperatures:<\/strong> freeze protection, 120&nbsp;&deg;C self-regulating (Process series), 150 \/ 180 \/ 200&nbsp;&deg;C controlled (Plus series), and special high-temperature designs up to 300&nbsp;&deg;C<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lengths:<\/strong> single pieces from 30&nbsp;cm; extruded lines up to 300&nbsp;m total, with heating circuit lengths up to 73&ndash;100&nbsp;m per circuit (vs. roughly 60&nbsp;m for classic PA12 lines)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inner cores:<\/strong> PTFE, PFA or stainless steel; single or multi-tube bundles (Duo versions with two heated ends)<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"how energy-efficient are psg heated lines?\" data-a=\"psg extruded lines consume about 60 w\/m at 180 \u00b0c versus roughly 90 w\/m for a classic pa12 corrugated line \u2014 up to 25% less energy over the life cycle. the advanced insulation package both saves operating cost and improves the plant\u2019s co 2 balance. on a 100 m installation running continuously, the difference of 30 w\/m is roughly 26 mwh per year \u2014 the lines frequently pay for themselves within the first year of operation.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-23\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">How energy-efficient are PSG heated lines?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-23\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>PSG extruded lines consume about 60&nbsp;W\/m at 180&nbsp;&deg;C versus roughly 90&nbsp;W\/m for a classic PA12 corrugated line &mdash; up to 25% less energy over the life cycle.<\/strong> The advanced insulation package both saves operating cost and improves the plant&rsquo;s CO<sub>2<\/sub> balance.<\/p>\n<p>On a 100&nbsp;m installation running continuously, the difference of 30&nbsp;W\/m is roughly 26&nbsp;MWh per year &mdash; the lines frequently pay for themselves within the first year of operation.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"are heated sample lines available for atex zones?\" data-a=\"yes \u2014 including the world\u2019s first heated lines with atex certification for the entire assembly (patented ex\u00b2\/ex\u00b3 technology), not just the heating cable. variants cover atex zone 1 (ii 2g ex iic and iib) and iecex, with self-regulating designs up to 120 \u00b0c and controlled designs up to 180 \u00b0c, plus a patented conductive-jacket atex line. whole-assembly certification matters: with conventional lines, only the heat cable carries the ex certificate and the installer assumes responsibility for the finished assembly. a certified complete assembly removes that liability and simplifies the plant\u2019s explosion protection document.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-24\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">Are heated sample lines available for ATEX zones?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-24\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Yes &mdash; including the world&rsquo;s first heated lines with ATEX certification for the entire assembly (patented Ex&sup2;\/Ex&sup3; technology), not just the heating cable.<\/strong> Variants cover ATEX Zone 1 (II 2G Ex IIC and IIB) and IECEx, with self-regulating designs up to 120&nbsp;&deg;C and controlled designs up to 180&nbsp;&deg;C, plus a patented conductive-jacket ATEX line.<\/p>\n<p>Whole-assembly certification matters: with conventional lines, only the heat cable carries the Ex certificate and the installer assumes responsibility for the finished assembly. A certified complete assembly removes that liability and simplifies the plant&rsquo;s explosion protection document.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what is the psg hybrid all-in-one sample line?\" data-a=\"the psg plus extruded hybrid bundles everything a sampling point needs into one line: the heated sample tube plus all supply services for operating the probe \u2014 including preheated back purge air. instead of routing a sample line, purge air line, power and signals separately up the stack, a single hybrid line is pulled and cut to length. this shortens installation dramatically and guarantees the purge air arrives hot, protecting the filter from thermal shock and condensation during purge cycles.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-25\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What is the PSG Hybrid all-in-one sample line?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-25\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>The PSG Plus Extruded Hybrid bundles everything a sampling point needs into one line: the heated sample tube plus all supply services for operating the probe &mdash; including preheated back purge air.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Instead of routing a sample line, purge air line, power and signals separately up the stack, a single hybrid line is pulled and cut to length. This shortens installation dramatically and guarantees the purge air arrives hot, protecting the filter from thermal shock and condensation during purge cycles.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"psgfaq-section\" id=\"psgfaq-coolers\">\n<h2>Sample Gas Coolers &amp; Conditioning<\/h2>\n<p class=\"psgfaq-intro\">MAK and BCR series compressor and Peltier coolers, heat exchangers, wash-out optimization and full conditioning systems.<\/p>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what does a sample gas cooler actually do?\" data-a=\"a sample gas cooler chills the sample below its water dew point under controlled conditions, condenses the water out, and delivers gas with a constant low outlet dew point (typically around +5 \u00b0c) to the analyzer. the stable dew point is the critical specification: it prevents downstream condensation, eliminates water-vapor cross-sensitivity, and removes the volumetric error that fluctuating humidity would otherwise introduce into concentration readings.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-26\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What does a sample gas cooler actually do?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-26\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>A sample gas cooler chills the sample below its water dew point under controlled conditions, condenses the water out, and delivers gas with a constant low outlet dew point (typically around +5&nbsp;&deg;C) to the analyzer.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The stable dew point is the critical specification: it prevents downstream condensation, eliminates water-vapor cross-sensitivity, and removes the volumetric error that fluctuating humidity would otherwise introduce into concentration readings.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"compressor or peltier (thermoelectric) cooler \u2014 which should i choose?\" data-a=\"choose compressor cooling for high cooling capacity, high inlet dew points, multiple gas paths and hot ambient conditions; choose peltier for lower-capacity duty, compact installations and minimal maintenance. agt-psg builds both: the mak 10 \/ mak 20 and mak basic as compressor units (wash-out optimized, 1\u20134 gas paths, flow rates up to 150\u2013250 l\/h) and mak 10 \/ mak 20 peltier versions (1\u20132 gas paths, up to 300 l\/h on the mak 20 peltier). the bcr compressor family covers high-flow process duty up to 500 l\/h per path and inlet temperatures up to 140\u2013180 \u00b0c.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-27\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">Compressor or Peltier (thermoelectric) cooler \u2014 which should I choose?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-27\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Choose compressor cooling for high cooling capacity, high inlet dew points, multiple gas paths and hot ambient conditions; choose Peltier for lower-capacity duty, compact installations and minimal maintenance.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>AGT-PSG builds both: the MAK 10 \/ MAK 20 and MAK Basic as compressor units (wash-out optimized, 1&ndash;4 gas paths, flow rates up to 150&ndash;250&nbsp;l\/h) and MAK 10 \/ MAK 20 Peltier versions (1&ndash;2 gas paths, up to 300&nbsp;l\/h on the MAK 20 Peltier). The BCR compressor family covers high-flow process duty up to 500&nbsp;l\/h per path and inlet temperatures up to 140&ndash;180&nbsp;&deg;C.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what is the difference between the mak and bcr cooler series?\" data-a=\"mak coolers are cems-focused and wash-out optimized; bcr coolers are process-focused, built for high flow rates and the lowest outlet dew points, including atex versions. mak series: modular concept \u2014 \u201cothers call it a cooler, we call it a gas conditioning system.\u201d 1\u20134 gas paths (ptfe\/pvdf jet-stream heat exchangers), 100\u2013150 nl\/h per path, inlet up to 140 \u00b0c, expandable with every conditioning component. bcr series: 1\u20138 gas paths in pvdf, glass or stainless steel, 90\u2013500 nl\/h per path, inlet up to 140\u2013180 \u00b0c, exchangeable high-performance heat exchangers, with bcr02\/bcr03\/bcr05 atex versions for zone 2 (ii 3g ex na nc t4 gc) and zone 1 (ii 2g ex px de [ai] iic t4 gb).\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-28\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What is the difference between the MAK and BCR cooler series?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-28\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>MAK coolers are CEMS-focused and wash-out optimized; BCR coolers are process-focused, built for high flow rates and the lowest outlet dew points, including ATEX versions.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>MAK series:<\/strong> modular concept &mdash; &ldquo;others call it a cooler, we call it a gas conditioning system.&rdquo; 1&ndash;4 gas paths (PTFE\/PVDF jet-stream heat exchangers), 100&ndash;150&nbsp;Nl\/h per path, inlet up to 140&nbsp;&deg;C, expandable with every conditioning component.<\/li>\n<li><strong>BCR series:<\/strong> 1&ndash;8 gas paths in PVDF, glass or stainless steel, 90&ndash;500&nbsp;Nl\/h per path, inlet up to 140&ndash;180&nbsp;&deg;C, exchangeable high-performance heat exchangers, with BCR02\/BCR03\/BCR05 ATEX versions for Zone 2 (II 3G Ex nA nC T4 Gc) and Zone 1 (II 2G Ex px de [ai] IIC T4 Gb).<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"which heat exchanger material is right for my application?\" data-a=\"match the heat exchanger material to the gas chemistry: pvdf and ptfe for corrosive flue gases, borosilicate glass for aggressive acids and inspection, stainless steel for high pressure, high flow and mechanical robustness. all psg coolers use exchangeable heat exchangers, so a cooler can be re-tasked by swapping the exchanger rather than replacing the unit. the corrosion-resistant ptfe\/pvdf jet-stream geometry combined with precise proportional temperature control and a long-life hot-gas bypass achieves extremely low, constant outlet dew points. the mak process c variant handles operating pressures up to 100 bar with an additional sil-oriented temperature display.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-29\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">Which heat exchanger material is right for my application?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-29\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Match the heat exchanger material to the gas chemistry: PVDF and PTFE for corrosive flue gases, borosilicate glass for aggressive acids and inspection, stainless steel for high pressure, high flow and mechanical robustness.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>All PSG coolers use exchangeable heat exchangers, so a cooler can be re-tasked by swapping the exchanger rather than replacing the unit. The corrosion-resistant PTFE\/PVDF jet-stream geometry combined with precise proportional temperature control and a long-life hot-gas bypass achieves extremely low, constant outlet dew points. The MAK Process C variant handles operating pressures up to 100&nbsp;bar with an additional SIL-oriented temperature display.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"how do psg coolers minimize so\u2082 and no\u2082 wash-out?\" data-a=\"through wash-out optimized jet-stream heat exchanger geometry that minimizes gas\/condensate contact, immediate condensate removal, and optional acid dosing. the mak 20 is engineered specifically for the lowest wash-out ratio in its class. acid dosing feeds a small, constant flow of prepared acid into the heat exchanger to pre-saturate the condensate, so it cannot absorb additional so 2 from the sample \u2014 a standard requirement for certified low-range so 2 emission measurement. peristaltic pumps (sr25) extract condensate continuously without letting gas and liquid re-equilibrate.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-30\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">How do PSG coolers minimize SO\u2082 and NO\u2082 wash-out?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-30\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Through wash-out optimized jet-stream heat exchanger geometry that minimizes gas\/condensate contact, immediate condensate removal, and optional acid dosing.<\/strong> The MAK 20 is engineered specifically for the lowest wash-out ratio in its class.<\/p>\n<p>Acid dosing feeds a small, constant flow of prepared acid into the heat exchanger to pre-saturate the condensate, so it cannot absorb additional SO<sub>2<\/sub> from the sample &mdash; a standard requirement for certified low-range SO<sub>2<\/sub> emission measurement. Peristaltic pumps (SR25) extract condensate continuously without letting gas and liquid re-equilibrate.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"can a cooler be expanded into a complete gas conditioning system?\" data-a=\"yes \u2014 the modular mak concept is designed for exactly this. pre-separators (for very high water loads), depth filters (ptfe or glass fiber, protecting the analyzer from fine dust), condensate sensors with platinum electrodes and ec72.01 evaluation electronics, ptfe diaphragm sample gas pumps (n86), peristaltic condensate pumps, flow meters, humidity monitors and acid dosing all integrate directly into the mak 10 \/ mak 20 platform. the result is a compact, single-supplier conditioning system instead of a cabinet of mixed-brand components \u2014 one point of responsibility for the whole sample path.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-31\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">Can a cooler be expanded into a complete gas conditioning system?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-31\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Yes &mdash; the modular MAK concept is designed for exactly this.<\/strong> Pre-separators (for very high water loads), depth filters (PTFE or glass fiber, protecting the analyzer from fine dust), condensate sensors with platinum electrodes and EC72.01 evaluation electronics, PTFE diaphragm sample gas pumps (N86), peristaltic condensate pumps, flow meters, humidity monitors and acid dosing all integrate directly into the MAK 10 \/ MAK 20 platform.<\/p>\n<p>The result is a compact, single-supplier conditioning system instead of a cabinet of mixed-brand components &mdash; one point of responsibility for the whole sample path.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"psgfaq-section\" id=\"psgfaq-nafion\">\n<h2>Nafion\u00ae Membrane Dryers (Perma Pure)<\/h2>\n<p class=\"psgfaq-intro\">Selective, condensate-free membrane drying \u2014 and why AGT-PSG is the European source for Perma Pure dryers.<\/p>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what is a nafion\u00ae sample gas dryer?\" data-a=\"a nafion\u00ae dryer removes water from a gas stream through a selective membrane \u2014 as vapor, with no condensation and no moving parts. nafion\u00ae is a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and a perfluorinated sulfonic acid; its sulfonic acid groups form ion channels that transport water molecules through the tube wall toward the side with lower water vapor partial pressure. for continuous drying, nafion\u00ae is extruded as tubing; a single tube or a bundle is housed in a shell and swept by a counter-flowing dry purge gas, maintaining a permanent partial-pressure gradient. each sulfonic acid site can coordinate up to 13 water molecules, making the transport extremely fast.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-32\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What is a Nafion\u00ae sample gas dryer?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-32\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>A Nafion&reg; dryer removes water from a gas stream through a selective membrane &mdash; as vapor, with no condensation and no moving parts.<\/strong> Nafion&reg; is a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and a perfluorinated sulfonic acid; its sulfonic acid groups form ion channels that transport water molecules through the tube wall toward the side with lower water vapor partial pressure.<\/p>\n<p>For continuous drying, Nafion&reg; is extruded as tubing; a single tube or a bundle is housed in a shell and swept by a counter-flowing dry purge gas, maintaining a permanent partial-pressure gradient. Each sulfonic acid site can coordinate up to 13 water molecules, making the transport extremely fast.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"how does nafion\u00ae drying differ from a condensation cooler?\" data-a=\"a cooler removes water by condensing it to liquid; a nafion\u00ae dryer removes it as vapor through a water-specific chemical mechanism \u2014 so soluble components are never exposed to condensate and cannot wash out. conventional approaches (condensate coolers, adsorption dryers, permeation dryers) can all alter the sample: components precipitate into condensate, co-adsorb with water, or co-permeate. nafion\u00ae drying preserves so 2 , no 2 , hcl and other critical analytes, which is why it is the reference technique for low-range and trace measurements. in many systems the best architecture is a combination : a cooler for bulk water removal followed by a nafion\u00ae dryer for deep, selective drying.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-33\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">How does Nafion\u00ae drying differ from a condensation cooler?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-33\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>A cooler removes water by condensing it to liquid; a Nafion&reg; dryer removes it as vapor through a water-specific chemical mechanism &mdash; so soluble components are never exposed to condensate and cannot wash out.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Conventional approaches (condensate coolers, adsorption dryers, permeation dryers) can all alter the sample: components precipitate into condensate, co-adsorb with water, or co-permeate. Nafion&reg; drying preserves SO<sub>2<\/sub>, NO<sub>2<\/sub>, HCl and other critical analytes, which is why it is the reference technique for low-range and trace measurements. In many systems the best architecture is a <strong>combination<\/strong>: a cooler for bulk water removal followed by a Nafion&reg; dryer for deep, selective drying.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"which gases can be dried with nafion\u00ae \u2014 and which cannot?\" data-a=\"nafion\u00ae is suitable for virtually all inorganic gases and simple hydrocarbons; it is not suitable for ammonia or oxygenated organics. suitable: atmospheric gases (n 2 , h 2 , o 2 , noble gases), oxides (co, co 2 , so 2 , so 3 , nox), halogens and halogen compounds (cl 2 , hcl, hf, hbr, halogenated hydrocarbons), sulfur components (h 2 s, cos, mercaptans), simple hydrocarbons, toxic gases (hcn, cocl 2 , nocl) and inorganic acids. not suitable: ammonia and ammonium compounds (they form ammonium ions with water and pass the membrane), and organic components with hydroxyl-forming chemistry \u2014 alcohols, organic acids, aldehydes, ketones, dmso \u2014 which nafion\u2019s strong-acid catalysis can transport or convert.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-34\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">Which gases can be dried with Nafion\u00ae \u2014 and which cannot?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-34\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Nafion&reg; is suitable for virtually all inorganic gases and simple hydrocarbons; it is not suitable for ammonia or oxygenated organics.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Suitable:<\/strong> atmospheric gases (N<sub>2<\/sub>, H<sub>2<\/sub>, O<sub>2<\/sub>, noble gases), oxides (CO, CO<sub>2<\/sub>, SO<sub>2<\/sub>, SO<sub>3<\/sub>, NOx), halogens and halogen compounds (Cl<sub>2<\/sub>, HCl, HF, HBr, halogenated hydrocarbons), sulfur components (H<sub>2<\/sub>S, COS, mercaptans), simple hydrocarbons, toxic gases (HCN, COCl<sub>2<\/sub>, NOCl) and inorganic acids.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Not suitable:<\/strong> ammonia and ammonium compounds (they form ammonium ions with water and pass the membrane), and organic components with hydroxyl-forming chemistry &mdash; alcohols, organic acids, aldehydes, ketones, DMSO &mdash; which Nafion&rsquo;s strong-acid catalysis can transport or convert.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what dew points can a nafion\u00ae dryer reach?\" data-a=\"down to approximately \u221245 \u00b0c dew point when the dryer operates at room temperature (20 \u00b0c). the achievable minimum dew point shifts roughly in parallel with dryer temperature \u2014 a dryer running at 60 \u00b0c reaches about \u22125 \u00b0c. nafion\u00ae itself is stable to 160 \u00b0c, with practical limits of about 150 \u00b0c set by housing materials (stainless steel, ptfe, pvdf or polypropylene) and fpm seals. for very humid gases, heated dryers (the mdh series) with a temperature gradient along their length prevent condensation while maximizing drying. maximum differential pressure is about 2 bar in operation; nafion\u00ae tube burst pressure is well above at roughly 13 bar.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-35\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What dew points can a Nafion\u00ae dryer reach?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-35\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Down to approximately &minus;45&nbsp;&deg;C dew point when the dryer operates at room temperature (20&nbsp;&deg;C).<\/strong> The achievable minimum dew point shifts roughly in parallel with dryer temperature &mdash; a dryer running at 60&nbsp;&deg;C reaches about &minus;5&nbsp;&deg;C.<\/p>\n<p>Nafion&reg; itself is stable to 160&nbsp;&deg;C, with practical limits of about 150&nbsp;&deg;C set by housing materials (stainless steel, PTFE, PVDF or polypropylene) and FPM seals. For very humid gases, heated dryers (the MDH series) with a temperature gradient along their length prevent condensation while maximizing drying. Maximum differential pressure is about 2&nbsp;bar in operation; Nafion&reg; tube burst pressure is well above at roughly 13&nbsp;bar.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what purge gas does a nafion\u00ae dryer need?\" data-a=\"a clean, oil-free, dry gas in counterflow at roughly twice the sample flow rate \u2014 instrument air or nitrogen are typical. only when drying hcl-laden gases must the purge be increased to 8\u201310\u00d7 the sample flow. if no external dry gas is available, a partial stream of the dried sample itself can be diverted as purge gas, drawn through the purge chamber under vacuum (at least 500 mbar differential across the membrane) by a pump. the same physics also works in reverse: perma pure exchangers are widely used to humidify dry calibration or sample gases to a defined residual moisture.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-36\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What purge gas does a Nafion\u00ae dryer need?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-36\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>A clean, oil-free, dry gas in counterflow at roughly twice the sample flow rate &mdash; instrument air or nitrogen are typical.<\/strong> Only when drying HCl-laden gases must the purge be increased to 8&ndash;10&times; the sample flow.<\/p>\n<p>If no external dry gas is available, a partial stream of the dried sample itself can be diverted as purge gas, drawn through the purge chamber under vacuum (at least 500&nbsp;mbar differential across the membrane) by a pump. The same physics also works in reverse: Perma Pure exchangers are widely used to <strong>humidify<\/strong> dry calibration or sample gases to a defined residual moisture.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"how much maintenance do nafion\u00ae dryers require?\" data-a=\"essentially none, as long as they receive filtered, condensate-free gas and clean purge air. there are no moving parts and no consumables. if a dryer is contaminated, it can be regenerated: the nafion\u00ae tube or bundle is rinsed with a solvent (e.g. isopropanol or halogenated hydrocarbons), then dilute hydrochloric acid, then purified water. this restores performance without replacing the membrane.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-37\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">How much maintenance do Nafion\u00ae dryers require?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-37\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Essentially none, as long as they receive filtered, condensate-free gas and clean purge air.<\/strong> There are no moving parts and no consumables.<\/p>\n<p>If a dryer is contaminated, it can be regenerated: the Nafion&reg; tube or bundle is rinsed with a solvent (e.g. isopropanol or halogenated hydrocarbons), then dilute hydrochloric acid, then purified water. This restores performance without replacing the membrane.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"which perma pure dryer series does agt-psg offer?\" data-a=\"the complete perma pure portfolio: md series \u2014 monotube dryers for low flow rates with direct purge connection mdh series \u2014 actively heated monotube dryers for very humid samples and high inlet dew points md-700 series \u2014 monotube dryers engineered for aerosol and particulate monitoring instruments mrd series \u2014 monotube dryers with rotating fittings for confined installations pd series \u2014 polytube dryers (up to 144 nafion\u00ae tubes) for high flow rates dm series \u2014 desiccant membrane dryers, purge-air-free for mobile use mh humidifiers and fc humidity exchangers \u2014 precise humidification of calibration gases, laboratory streams and fuel cells be series \u2014 braided moisture exchangers\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-38\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">Which Perma Pure dryer series does AGT-PSG offer?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-38\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>The complete Perma Pure portfolio:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>MD series<\/strong> &mdash; monotube dryers for low flow rates with direct purge connection<\/li>\n<li><strong>MDH series<\/strong> &mdash; actively heated monotube dryers for very humid samples and high inlet dew points<\/li>\n<li><strong>MD-700 series<\/strong> &mdash; monotube dryers engineered for aerosol and particulate monitoring instruments<\/li>\n<li><strong>MRD series<\/strong> &mdash; monotube dryers with rotating fittings for confined installations<\/li>\n<li><strong>PD series<\/strong> &mdash; polytube dryers (up to 144 Nafion&reg; tubes) for high flow rates<\/li>\n<li><strong>DM series<\/strong> &mdash; desiccant membrane dryers, purge-air-free for mobile use<\/li>\n<li><strong>MH humidifiers and FC humidity exchangers<\/strong> &mdash; precise humidification of calibration gases, laboratory streams and fuel cells<\/li>\n<li><strong>BE series<\/strong> &mdash; braided moisture exchangers<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"why buy perma pure nafion\u00ae dryers from agt-psg?\" data-a=\"because as of january 1, 2025, agt-psg gmbh is the exclusive distributor of perma pure nafion\u00ae sample gas dryers for its market \u2014 integrating membrane drying directly into the complete psg conditioning portfolio. (perma pure, the new jersey-based inventor and sole licensed manufacturer of nafion\u00ae tubing products, now operates under the salaera name.) the practical benefit: one engineering partner can now specify cooler-based drying, membrane drying, or a hybrid of both \u2014 with application support from dedicated nafion\u00ae specialists and full integration into psg probes, lines, coolers and turnkey systems.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-39\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">Why buy Perma Pure Nafion\u00ae dryers from AGT-PSG?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-39\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Because as of January 1, 2025, AGT-PSG GmbH is the exclusive distributor of Perma Pure Nafion&reg; sample gas dryers for its market &mdash; integrating membrane drying directly into the complete PSG conditioning portfolio.<\/strong> (Perma Pure, the New Jersey-based inventor and sole licensed manufacturer of Nafion&reg; tubing products, now operates under the Salaera name.)<\/p>\n<p>The practical benefit: one engineering partner can now specify cooler-based drying, membrane drying, or a hybrid of both &mdash; with application support from dedicated Nafion&reg; specialists and full integration into PSG probes, lines, coolers and turnkey systems.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"psgfaq-section\" id=\"psgfaq-atex\">\n<h2>ATEX &amp; Hazardous Areas<\/h2>\n<p class=\"psgfaq-intro\">Explosion protection for sampling equipment: zones, certifications and why whole-assembly certificates matter.<\/p>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what do atex and iecex mean?\" data-a=\"atex is the eu framework for equipment in explosive atmospheres (directive 2014\/34\/eu); iecex is the equivalent international certification scheme. both define how electrical and mechanical equipment must be designed, tested and marked so it cannot ignite a surrounding explosive gas or dust atmosphere. a typical marking such as ii 2g ex d iic t3 gb decodes as: equipment group ii (surface industry), category 2g (suitable for gas zone 1), flameproof enclosure protection (ex d), gas group iic (including hydrogen), temperature class t3 (surface \u2264 200 \u00b0c), equipment protection level gb.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-40\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What do ATEX and IECEx mean?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-40\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>ATEX is the EU framework for equipment in explosive atmospheres (Directive 2014\/34\/EU); IECEx is the equivalent international certification scheme.<\/strong> Both define how electrical and mechanical equipment must be designed, tested and marked so it cannot ignite a surrounding explosive gas or dust atmosphere.<\/p>\n<p>A typical marking such as <strong>II 2G Ex d IIC T3 Gb<\/strong> decodes as: equipment group II (surface industry), category 2G (suitable for gas Zone 1), flameproof enclosure protection (Ex d), gas group IIC (including hydrogen), temperature class T3 (surface &le; 200&nbsp;&deg;C), equipment protection level Gb.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what are atex zones 0, 1 and 2?\" data-a=\"zones classify how often an explosive atmosphere is present: zone 0 \u2014 continuously or for long periods; zone 1 \u2014 likely in normal operation; zone 2 \u2014 unlikely, and only briefly if it occurs. (dust atmospheres use zones 20\/21\/22.) category 2g equipment may be used in zones 1 and 2; category 3g equipment only in zone 2. sampling points in refineries, chemical plants, biogas plants and hydrogen facilities routinely fall into zone 1 or 2, which is why the entire psg sample path is available in certified versions.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-41\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What are ATEX zones 0, 1 and 2?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-41\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Zones classify how often an explosive atmosphere is present: Zone 0 &mdash; continuously or for long periods; Zone 1 &mdash; likely in normal operation; Zone 2 &mdash; unlikely, and only briefly if it occurs.<\/strong> (Dust atmospheres use Zones 20\/21\/22.)<\/p>\n<p>Category 2G equipment may be used in Zones 1 and 2; category 3G equipment only in Zone 2. Sampling points in refineries, chemical plants, biogas plants and hydrogen facilities routinely fall into Zone 1 or 2, which is why the entire PSG sample path is available in certified versions.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"which agt-psg products are available with atex \/ iecex certification?\" data-a=\"the complete sampling chain: probes: psg plus probe atex 90 and psg process probes atex 150 \/ 180 \u2014 zone 1, ii 2g ex d iic t3, iecex options heated lines: psg plus extruded atex 150 \/ 180 (controlled), psg process extruded atex \/ atex\u00b2 \/ atex\u00b3 (self-regulating, iib\/iic) \u2014 including patented whole-assembly ex\u00b2\/ex\u00b3 certification and a conductive-jacket design coolers: bcr02 atex (zone 2, ii 3g ex na nc t4 gc), bcr03 atex and bcr05 atex (zone 1, ii 2g ex px de [ai] iic t4 gb) nafion\u00ae drying: inherently non-electrical membrane dryers that preserve intrinsic safety in hazardous-area conditioning concepts\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-42\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">Which AGT-PSG products are available with ATEX \/ IECEx certification?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-42\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>The complete sampling chain:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Probes:<\/strong> PSG Plus Probe ATEX 90 and PSG Process Probes ATEX 150 \/ 180 &mdash; Zone 1, II 2G Ex d IIC T3, IECEx options<\/li>\n<li><strong>Heated lines:<\/strong> PSG Plus Extruded ATEX 150 \/ 180 (controlled), PSG Process Extruded ATEX \/ ATEX&sup2; \/ ATEX&sup3; (self-regulating, IIB\/IIC) &mdash; including patented whole-assembly Ex&sup2;\/Ex&sup3; certification and a conductive-jacket design<\/li>\n<li><strong>Coolers:<\/strong> BCR02 ATEX (Zone 2, II 3G Ex nA nC T4 Gc), BCR03 ATEX and BCR05 ATEX (Zone 1, II 2G Ex px de [ai] IIC T4 Gb)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nafion&reg; drying:<\/strong> inherently non-electrical membrane dryers that preserve intrinsic safety in hazardous-area conditioning concepts<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"why does \u201ccertification of the entire assembly\u201d matter for heated lines?\" data-a=\"because with conventional atex heated lines only the heating cable is certified \u2014 the finished line assembly built around it is not, leaving certification responsibility with whoever assembles and installs it. psg\u2019s patented ex\u00b2\/ex\u00b3 extruded lines carry certificates for the complete assembled line. for the plant operator this means a clean, auditable explosion protection document, no gray zone about who certified what, and cut-to-length flexibility retained even in zone 1 installations.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-43\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">Why does \u201ccertification of the entire assembly\u201d matter for heated lines?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-43\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Because with conventional ATEX heated lines only the heating cable is certified &mdash; the finished line assembly built around it is not, leaving certification responsibility with whoever assembles and installs it.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>PSG&rsquo;s patented Ex&sup2;\/Ex&sup3; extruded lines carry certificates for the complete assembled line. For the plant operator this means a clean, auditable explosion protection document, no gray zone about who certified what, and cut-to-length flexibility retained even in Zone 1 installations.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"psgfaq-section\" id=\"psgfaq-standards\">\n<h2>Standards &amp; Regulatory Compliance<\/h2>\n<p class=\"psgfaq-intro\">EN 14181, EN 15267, the Industrial Emissions Directive, BImSchV, ATEX and US EPA \u2014 what they require from the sampling system.<\/p>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what is en 14181 and what are qal1, qal2, qal3 and ast?\" data-a=\"en 14181 (\u201cstationary source emissions \u2014 quality assurance of automated measuring systems\u201d) is the european framework standard that keeps installed cems demonstrably accurate over their whole life. it defines four procedures: qal1 \u2014 proof, before purchase, that the measuring system is suitable and meets the uncertainty budget; demonstrated via en 15267 type certification qal2 \u2014 calibration of the installed system by parallel measurement against standard reference methods, typically every 5 years or after major changes qal3 \u2014 ongoing zero\/span drift and precision control by the operator during normal operation ast \u2014 the annual surveillance test, a reduced-scope yearly check that the qal2 calibration function is still valid the sampling system is part of the ams under test \u2014 a drifting probe, condensing line or unstable cooler dew point will fail a qal2\/ast just as surely as a faulty analyzer.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-44\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What is EN 14181 and what are QAL1, QAL2, QAL3 and AST?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-44\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>EN 14181 (&ldquo;Stationary source emissions &mdash; Quality assurance of automated measuring systems&rdquo;) is the European framework standard that keeps installed CEMS demonstrably accurate over their whole life.<\/strong> It defines four procedures:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>QAL1<\/strong> &mdash; proof, before purchase, that the measuring system is suitable and meets the uncertainty budget; demonstrated via EN&nbsp;15267 type certification<\/li>\n<li><strong>QAL2<\/strong> &mdash; calibration of the installed system by parallel measurement against Standard Reference Methods, typically every 5 years or after major changes<\/li>\n<li><strong>QAL3<\/strong> &mdash; ongoing zero\/span drift and precision control by the operator during normal operation<\/li>\n<li><strong>AST<\/strong> &mdash; the Annual Surveillance Test, a reduced-scope yearly check that the QAL2 calibration function is still valid<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The sampling system is part of the AMS under test &mdash; a drifting probe, condensing line or unstable cooler dew point will fail a QAL2\/AST just as surely as a faulty analyzer.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what is en 15267 and how does it relate to qal1 and mcerts \/ t\u00fcv certification?\" data-a=\"en 15267 is the certification standard for automated measuring systems; passing its laboratory and field tests at an en iso\/iec 17025-accredited test institute is the accepted evidence of qal1 suitability. the major european schemes \u2014 the uk\u2019s mcerts and the german t\u00fcv\/uba scheme \u2014 are built on en 15267-3. certificates are issued for the complete measuring system as tested, which generally includes the sample conditioning concept. specifying proven, certificate-compatible sampling components protects the validity of the system\u2019s qal1 status.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-45\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What is EN 15267 and how does it relate to QAL1 and MCERTS \/ T\u00dcV certification?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-45\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>EN 15267 is the certification standard for automated measuring systems; passing its laboratory and field tests at an EN ISO\/IEC 17025-accredited test institute is the accepted evidence of QAL1 suitability.<\/strong> The major European schemes &mdash; the UK&rsquo;s MCERTS and the German T&Uuml;V\/UBA scheme &mdash; are built on EN 15267-3.<\/p>\n<p>Certificates are issued for the complete measuring system as tested, which generally includes the sample conditioning concept. Specifying proven, certificate-compatible sampling components protects the validity of the system&rsquo;s QAL1 status.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"how does the sampling system affect en 14181 compliance in practice?\" data-a=\"three sampling-system properties decide qal success: a test gas path through the probe filter, an unbroken hot sample path, and a stable cooler outlet dew point. en 14181-aligned practice expects calibration and drift checks to exercise the whole sample path \u2014 psg probes include the test gas connection through the filter as standard. any cold spot between probe tip and cooler causes wash-out, which appears as unexplained bias in qal2 parallel measurements. outlet dew point fluctuation translates directly into span drift that consumes the qal3 control-chart budget.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-46\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">How does the sampling system affect EN 14181 compliance in practice?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-46\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Three sampling-system properties decide QAL success: a test gas path through the probe filter, an unbroken hot sample path, and a stable cooler outlet dew point.<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>EN 14181-aligned practice expects calibration and drift checks to exercise the whole sample path &mdash; PSG probes include the test gas connection through the filter as standard.<\/li>\n<li>Any cold spot between probe tip and cooler causes wash-out, which appears as unexplained bias in QAL2 parallel measurements.<\/li>\n<li>Outlet dew point fluctuation translates directly into span drift that consumes the QAL3 control-chart budget.<\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what is the industrial emissions directive (ied) and how does it relate to 13th\/17th bimschv?\" data-a=\"directive 2010\/75\/eu (ied) is the eu\u2019s central law on industrial emissions; it consolidated the former waste incineration directive (2000\/76\/ec) and large combustion plant directive (2001\/80\/ec) and mandates continuous monitoring with en 14181 quality assurance for major plants. in germany, the ied is implemented through the bundes-immissionsschutzverordnungen: the 13th bimschv (large combustion plants) and 17th bimschv (waste incineration and co-incineration). psg sampling equipment with standard test gas connections is designed for emission measuring systems under exactly these regulations.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-47\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What is the Industrial Emissions Directive (IED) and how does it relate to 13th\/17th BImSchV?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-47\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Directive 2010\/75\/EU (IED) is the EU&rsquo;s central law on industrial emissions; it consolidated the former Waste Incineration Directive (2000\/76\/EC) and Large Combustion Plant Directive (2001\/80\/EC) and mandates continuous monitoring with EN 14181 quality assurance for major plants.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In Germany, the IED is implemented through the Bundes-Immissionsschutzverordnungen: the <strong>13th BImSchV<\/strong> (large combustion plants) and <strong>17th BImSchV<\/strong> (waste incineration and co-incineration). PSG sampling equipment with standard test gas connections is designed for emission measuring systems under exactly these regulations.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what requirements apply in the united states (epa)?\" data-a=\"us cems requirements are defined by the epa in 40 cfr: part 60 (new source performance standards, with performance specifications in appendix b and quality assurance in appendix f), part 75 (acid rain program \/ trading programs), and part 63 (mact standards). while the procedural framework differs from en 14181 (e.g. relative accuracy test audits, daily calibration drift checks, cylinder gas audits), the engineering demands on the sampling system are identical: representative extraction, no condensation, no analyte loss, and a calibration path that includes as much of the system as practicable.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-48\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What requirements apply in the United States (EPA)?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-48\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>US CEMS requirements are defined by the EPA in 40 CFR: Part 60 (New Source Performance Standards, with Performance Specifications in Appendix B and quality assurance in Appendix F), Part 75 (Acid Rain Program \/ trading programs), and Part 63 (MACT standards).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>While the procedural framework differs from EN 14181 (e.g. Relative Accuracy Test Audits, daily calibration drift checks, cylinder gas audits), the engineering demands on the sampling system are identical: representative extraction, no condensation, no analyte loss, and a calibration path that includes as much of the system as practicable.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what other standards are relevant to gas sampling and conditioning equipment?\" data-a=\"the most frequently referenced companion standards are: en 15259 \u2014 requirements for measurement sections, sites, objectives and plans (correct sampling location is a precondition for valid cems data) standard reference methods used in qal2\/ast, e.g. en 14792 (nox, chemiluminescence), en 14791 (so 2 ), en 15058 (co), en 14790 (water vapour), en 13284 (dust) en iso\/iec 17025 \u2014 accreditation of the laboratories performing certification and qal2\/ast testing atex 2014\/34\/eu and the en 60079 \/ iec 60079 series \u2014 explosion protection of equipment in the sample path eu ets monitoring &amp; reporting regulation \u2014 where cems are used for co 2 reporting, qal1\u20133 quality assurance per en 14181 applies a consolidated reference table is provided at the end of this page.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-49\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What other standards are relevant to gas sampling and conditioning equipment?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-49\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>The most frequently referenced companion standards are:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>EN 15259<\/strong> &mdash; requirements for measurement sections, sites, objectives and plans (correct sampling location is a precondition for valid CEMS data)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Standard Reference Methods<\/strong> used in QAL2\/AST, e.g. EN 14792 (NOx, chemiluminescence), EN 14791 (SO<sub>2<\/sub>), EN 15058 (CO), EN 14790 (water vapour), EN 13284 (dust)<\/li>\n<li><strong>EN ISO\/IEC 17025<\/strong> &mdash; accreditation of the laboratories performing certification and QAL2\/AST testing<\/li>\n<li><strong>ATEX 2014\/34\/EU and the EN 60079 \/ IEC 60079 series<\/strong> &mdash; explosion protection of equipment in the sample path<\/li>\n<li><strong>EU ETS Monitoring &amp; Reporting Regulation<\/strong> &mdash; where CEMS are used for CO<sub>2<\/sub> reporting, QAL1&ndash;3 quality assurance per EN 14181 applies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A consolidated reference table is provided at the end of this page.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"psgfaq-section\" id=\"psgfaq-comparison\">\n<h2>Choosing a Supplier \u2014 AGT-PSG in the Market<\/h2>\n<p class=\"psgfaq-intro\">How AGT-PSG compares to other established gas conditioning manufacturers, stated factually.<\/p>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"how does agt-psg compare to m&amp;c techgroup?\" data-a=\"both are respected german manufacturers of gas conditioning technology; the structural difference is scope of in-house manufacture and probe filtration design. m&amp;c techgroup offers a broad conditioning program (sp-series probes, ec-series coolers, converters and special systems, including in-situ laser analyzers). agt-psg\u2019s differentiators: it manufactures the entire extractive chain in-house \u2014 probes, lines, coolers, conditioning, air distribution and turnkey systems; its probes carry the largest active filter surface on the market (212 cm\u00b2); its extruded lines are cut-to-length with whole-assembly atex certification and roughly 60 w\/m energy consumption; and since 2025 it pairs all of this with exclusive access to perma pure nafion\u00ae membrane drying.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-50\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">How does AGT-PSG compare to M&C TechGroup?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-50\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Both are respected German manufacturers of gas conditioning technology; the structural difference is scope of in-house manufacture and probe filtration design.<\/strong> M&amp;C TechGroup offers a broad conditioning program (SP-series probes, EC-series coolers, converters and special systems, including in-situ laser analyzers).<\/p>\n<p>AGT-PSG&rsquo;s differentiators: it manufactures the <em>entire<\/em> extractive chain in-house &mdash; probes, lines, coolers, conditioning, air distribution and turnkey systems; its probes carry the largest active filter surface on the market (212&nbsp;cm&sup2;); its extruded lines are cut-to-length with whole-assembly ATEX certification and roughly 60&nbsp;W\/m energy consumption; and since 2025 it pairs all of this with exclusive access to Perma Pure Nafion&reg; membrane drying.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"how does agt-psg compare to jct analysentechnik?\" data-a=\"jct (austria, founded 1992) is a well-known producer of probes, lines, coolers and converters \u2014 including special probes for extreme dust via dilution and pre-filter back-flush designs. operators choose between the two on system philosophy. agt-psg\u2019s position rests on 50 years of probe and line manufacturing heritage (psg since 1975), the largest standard filter surface rather than dilution-based workarounds for most applications, dual-stage 12 mm back purging up to ~280 g\/m\u00b3 dust, more than 2,500 heated line variants with on-site cut-to-length capability, and single-source responsibility from stack flange to analyzer inlet.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-51\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">How does AGT-PSG compare to JCT Analysentechnik?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-51\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>JCT (Austria, founded 1992) is a well-known producer of probes, lines, coolers and converters &mdash; including special probes for extreme dust via dilution and pre-filter back-flush designs.<\/strong> Operators choose between the two on system philosophy.<\/p>\n<p>AGT-PSG&rsquo;s position rests on 50 years of probe and line manufacturing heritage (PSG since 1975), the largest standard filter surface rather than dilution-based workarounds for most applications, dual-stage 12&nbsp;mm back purging up to ~280&nbsp;g\/m&sup3; dust, more than 2,500 heated line variants with on-site cut-to-length capability, and single-source responsibility from stack flange to analyzer inlet.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"how does agt-psg compare to b\u00fchler technologies?\" data-a=\"b\u00fchler technologies (ratingen, germany) supplies a wide gas analysis program \u2014 probes, pumps, filters, peltier and compressor coolers, nox converters and portable analyzers \u2014 alongside a separate fluid control business. agt-psg is a pure-play sample gas specialist: 100% of its development and production is dedicated to the extractive sample path, including in-house extrusion of heated lines (a component most competitors buy in), patented whole-assembly atex line technology, and exclusive perma pure nafion\u00ae distribution. for operators, the practical comparison points are probe filter surface, line energy consumption, cut-to-length capability and the depth of system integration offered from one source.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-52\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">How does AGT-PSG compare to B\u00fchler Technologies?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-52\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>B&uuml;hler Technologies (Ratingen, Germany) supplies a wide gas analysis program &mdash; probes, pumps, filters, Peltier and compressor coolers, NOx converters and portable analyzers &mdash; alongside a separate fluid control business.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>AGT-PSG is a pure-play sample gas specialist: 100% of its development and production is dedicated to the extractive sample path, including in-house extrusion of heated lines (a component most competitors buy in), patented whole-assembly ATEX line technology, and exclusive Perma Pure Nafion&reg; distribution. For operators, the practical comparison points are probe filter surface, line energy consumption, cut-to-length capability and the depth of system integration offered from one source.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"why does single-source supply of the sampling chain matter?\" data-a=\"because measurement failures almost always happen at the interfaces \u2014 and with one manufacturer for probe, line, cooler, dryer and system, there are no interface disputes and no responsibility gaps. a single engineering partner guarantees thermal continuity from probe to cooler, matched purge-air logic between probe and line, one matchcode configuration system, one service contact, and one warranty. agt-psg is the only company worldwide manufacturing this entire range in-house, which is the core of the #perfectsamplegas value proposition.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-53\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">Why does single-source supply of the sampling chain matter?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-53\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Because measurement failures almost always happen at the interfaces &mdash; and with one manufacturer for probe, line, cooler, dryer and system, there are no interface disputes and no responsibility gaps.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A single engineering partner guarantees thermal continuity from probe to cooler, matched purge-air logic between probe and line, one matchcode configuration system, one service contact, and one warranty. AGT-PSG is the only company worldwide manufacturing this entire range in-house, which is the core of the #PerfectSampleGas value proposition.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"psgfaq-section\" id=\"psgfaq-selection\">\n<h2>Selection, Service &amp; Special Applications<\/h2>\n<p class=\"psgfaq-intro\">Configuring the right solution, delivery, mobile CEMS, system integration and engineering support.<\/p>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"how do i select the right probe, line and cooler for my application?\" data-a=\"start from five application parameters: gas composition, dust load, gas temperature, water\/acid dew point, and the ambient\/installation environment (including atex classification). from these, the psg matchcode system configures each component \u2014 probe type, filter, heating, back purge; line temperature class, core material, length; cooler series, gas paths and heat exchanger material. agt-psg\u2019s application engineers routinely design the complete chain from a process datasheet \u2014 send gas data and a rough site sketch, and a configured proposal with matchcodes comes back.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-54\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">How do I select the right probe, line and cooler for my application?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-54\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Start from five application parameters: gas composition, dust load, gas temperature, water\/acid dew point, and the ambient\/installation environment (including ATEX classification).<\/strong> From these, the PSG matchcode system configures each component &mdash; probe type, filter, heating, back purge; line temperature class, core material, length; cooler series, gas paths and heat exchanger material.<\/p>\n<p>AGT-PSG&rsquo;s application engineers routinely design the complete chain from a process datasheet &mdash; send gas data and a rough site sketch, and a configured proposal with matchcodes comes back.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"how quickly can heated sample lines be delivered?\" data-a=\"standard psg heated lines are available within a few working days, and ready-made (pre-fabricated to length with fittings) on request. because extruded lines are cut-to-length, integrators can also hold drum stock and confection lines on site using the psg dhs drum handling solution. custom designs \u2014 tight bending radii, special jacket materials, integrated sensors or alternative inner cores \u2014 are available as engineered variants.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-55\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">How quickly can heated sample lines be delivered?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-55\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Standard PSG heated lines are available within a few working days, and ready-made (pre-fabricated to length with fittings) on request.<\/strong> Because extruded lines are cut-to-length, integrators can also hold drum stock and confection lines on site using the PSG DHS drum handling solution.<\/p>\n<p>Custom designs &mdash; tight bending radii, special jacket materials, integrated sensors or alternative inner cores &mdash; are available as engineered variants.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"does agt-psg build complete analyzer systems?\" data-a=\"yes \u2014 psg has been a system integration partner to leading companies for more than 45 years, building everything from small sample conditioning plates to turnkey analyzer houses. scope includes process-analytical consulting from the first project phase, complete engineering (p&amp;ids, assembly drawings, electrical and circuit diagrams, performance data), manufacture under a certified quality management system, factory acceptance testing and commissioning \u2014 built either to psg\u2019s engineering or to the customer\u2019s specifications.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-56\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">Does AGT-PSG build complete analyzer systems?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-56\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Yes &mdash; PSG has been a system integration partner to leading companies for more than 45 years, building everything from small sample conditioning plates to turnkey analyzer houses.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Scope includes process-analytical consulting from the first project phase, complete engineering (P&amp;IDs, assembly drawings, electrical and circuit diagrams, performance data), manufacture under a certified quality management system, factory acceptance testing and commissioning &mdash; built either to PSG&rsquo;s engineering or to the customer&rsquo;s specifications.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"what solutions exist for temporary or mobile emission measurements?\" data-a=\"a complete mobile chain: the psg plus probe mobile (self-limiting, 180 \u00b0c), the psg plus flex plane flexible sample line, and the mak mobile conditioning system built into a rugged peli-style case. the mak mobile integrates a thermoelectric cooler (up to 250 l\/h), sample gas pump and the temperature controller for the heated line \u2014 a plug-and-measure kit for stack testing campaigns, commissioning, qal2 support measurements and short-term process studies. a mak 10 portable compressor version is also available.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-57\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">What solutions exist for temporary or mobile emission measurements?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-57\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>A complete mobile chain: the PSG Plus Probe Mobile (self-limiting, 180&nbsp;&deg;C), the PSG Plus Flex Plane flexible sample line, and the MAK Mobile conditioning system built into a rugged Peli-style case.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The MAK Mobile integrates a thermoelectric cooler (up to 250&nbsp;l\/h), sample gas pump and the temperature controller for the heated line &mdash; a plug-and-measure kit for stack testing campaigns, commissioning, QAL2 support measurements and short-term process studies. A MAK 10 Portable compressor version is also available.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-item\" data-q=\"my application is unusual \u2014 high pressure, hydrogen, carbon capture, marine. can it be handled?\" data-a=\"almost certainly \u2014 special applications are core psg territory. reference solutions include conditioning for carbon capture plants (amine wash gas streams), hydrogen-focused measurement concepts, high-pressure process cooling to 100 bar (mak process c), denox sampling at 315 \u00b0c, atex zone 1 complete chains, and marine\/offshore cems duty. if a standard matchcode doesn\u2019t fit, the #perfectsamplegas engineering team designs a variant \u2014 the company explicitly positions itself as an innovation driver for emission monitoring, hydrogen and plant optimization.\">\n<h3 class=\"psgfaq-qh\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"psgfaq-btn\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"psgfaq-item-58\">\n<span class=\"psgfaq-qtext\">My application is unusual \u2014 high pressure, hydrogen, carbon capture, marine. Can it be handled?<\/span><span class=\"psgfaq-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span><\/button><\/h3>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-panel\" id=\"psgfaq-item-58\" role=\"region\" hidden>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-answer\"><p><strong>Almost certainly &mdash; special applications are core PSG territory.<\/strong> Reference solutions include conditioning for carbon capture plants (amine wash gas streams), hydrogen-focused measurement concepts, high-pressure process cooling to 100&nbsp;bar (MAK Process C), DeNOx sampling at 315&nbsp;&deg;C, ATEX Zone 1 complete chains, and marine\/offshore CEMS duty.<\/p>\n<p>If a standard matchcode doesn&rsquo;t fit, the #PerfectSampleGas engineering team designs a variant &mdash; the company explicitly positions itself as an innovation driver for emission monitoring, hydrogen and plant optimization.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"psgfaq-section\" id=\"psgfaq-standards-table\">\n<h2>Standards Reference Table<\/h2>\n<p class=\"psgfaq-intro\">Key standards, directives and regulations referenced throughout this page \u2014 a quick orientation map for engineers and compliance teams.<\/p>\n<div class=\"psgfaq-tablewrap\"><table class=\"psgfaq-table\"><thead><tr><th>Standard \/ Regulation<\/th><th>Scope<\/th><th>Relevance to sampling &amp; conditioning<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody>\n<tr><td><strong>EN 14181<\/strong><\/td><td>Quality assurance of automated measuring systems (QAL1, QAL2, QAL3, AST)<\/td><td>Framework QA standard for installed CEMS; the sampling system is part of the system under test<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>EN 15267-1\/-2\/-3<\/strong><\/td><td>Certification of automated measuring systems<\/td><td>Basis of QAL1 type approval and of the MCERTS and T\u00dcV\/UBA certification schemes<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>EN 15259<\/strong><\/td><td>Measurement of stationary source emissions \u2014 measurement sections, sites, objective and plan<\/td><td>Defines where and how sampling points must be located for representative extraction<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>EN 14792 \/ EN 14791 \/ EN 15058<\/strong><\/td><td>Standard Reference Methods for NOx, SO\u2082 and CO<\/td><td>Reference methods used in QAL2 and AST parallel measurements<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>EN 14790<\/strong><\/td><td>Determination of water vapour in ducts (SRM)<\/td><td>Humidity reference method; ties directly to dew point control in the sample path<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>EN 13284-1\/-2<\/strong><\/td><td>Determination of low-range dust concentration<\/td><td>Dust reference and continuous dust monitoring QA; relevant to probe filtration design<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>Directive 2010\/75\/EU (IED)<\/strong><\/td><td>EU Industrial Emissions Directive<\/td><td>Mandates continuous monitoring and EN 14181 QA; consolidated 2000\/76\/EC (WID) and 2001\/80\/EC (LCPD)<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>13. &amp; 17. BImSchV<\/strong><\/td><td>German ordinances for large combustion plants and waste incineration<\/td><td>National implementation of the IED; PSG probes carry the standard test gas connection these systems require<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>ATEX Directive 2014\/34\/EU<\/strong><\/td><td>Equipment for potentially explosive atmospheres<\/td><td>Governs certified probes, heated lines and coolers for Zones 1 and 2<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>IECEx (IEC 60079 series)<\/strong><\/td><td>International Ex equipment certification scheme<\/td><td>International equivalent to ATEX; PSG Ex products carry IECEx options<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>EN ISO\/IEC 17025<\/strong><\/td><td>Competence of testing and calibration laboratories<\/td><td>Accreditation requirement for QAL1 certification bodies and QAL2\/AST test laboratories<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>US EPA 40 CFR Part 60, App. B &amp; F<\/strong><\/td><td>Performance Specifications and QA for CEMS (NSPS)<\/td><td>US performance and quality assurance framework for emission monitoring systems<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>US EPA 40 CFR Part 75<\/strong><\/td><td>Continuous emission monitoring \u2014 Acid Rain \/ trading programs<\/td><td>Defines RATA, calibration drift and data availability requirements in US programs<\/td><\/tr>\n<tr><td><strong>EU ETS MRR (2018\/2066)<\/strong><\/td><td>Monitoring &amp; Reporting Regulation for emissions trading<\/td><td>Where CEMS quantify CO\u2082 for trading, EN 14181 QA and EN 15259 siting apply<\/td><\/tr>\n<\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/section>\n<p class=\"psgfaq-disclaimer\">This reference page is provided for general technical guidance. Product specifications are subject to change; always consult the current AGT-PSG datasheets and your regulatory authority for project-specific requirements. Nafion\u00ae is a trademark of The Chemours Company FC, LLC, used under license by Perma Pure LLC. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8332","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>FAQ - PSG. PerfectSampleGas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/dev.perfectsamplegas.de\/en\/faq\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"FAQ - PSG. PerfectSampleGas\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/dev.perfectsamplegas.de\/en\/faq\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"PSG. 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